Student Notes

Congratulations to our Student Note authors! The Journal is currently working on Volume 30, Issue 3, and will update the list of Student Notes upon publication.

Volume 30

• Remy T. B. Oliver, Ridden with Controversy: Applying the Public Forum Doctrine to Public Transit Advertising
• Abigail Hylton, Ballots in an Unfamiliar Language and Other Things That Make No Sense: Interpreting How the Voting Rights Act Undermines Constitutional Rights for Voters with Limited English Proficiency 
• A. Reed McLeod, Geofence Warrants: Geolocating the Fourth Amendment 

Volume 29

• Andrew Gardner, George R.R. Martin’s Faith Militant in Modern America: The Establishment Clause and a State’s Ability to Delegate Policing Powers to Private Police Forces Operated by Religious Institutions
• Aaron Pinsoneault, Free Speech, Strict Scrutiny, and a Better Way to Handle Speech Restrictions
• Anna Pesetski, Deepfakes: A New Content Category for a Digital Age
• Alxis Rodis, Fitbit Data and the Fourth Amendment: Why the Collection of Data from a Fitbit Constitutes a Search and Should Require a Warrant in Light of Carpenter v. United States
• Kira M. Simon, Unequal Protection: Rethinking the Standards and Safeguards for Absentee Ballot Schemes
• Diana Bibb, Frankly, It’s a Mess: Requiring Courts to Transparently “Redline” Affidavits in the Face of Franks Challenges 
• R. Andrew Grindstaff, Article III Standing, the Sword and the Shield: Resolving A Circuit Split in Favor of Data Breach Plaintiffs 
• Taran Wessells, Petitions from the Grave: Why Federal Executions Are a Violation of the Suspension Clause

Volume 28

• Caine Caverly, “When the Enemy Drew Our Attention”: Reconsidering Prior Restraint in the Context of Dual Use Research of Concern
• Drew Marvel, Protecting the States from Electoral Invasions
• Abigail Stephens, Contracting Away the First Amendment?: When Courts Should Intervene in Nondisclosure Agreements
• Michael Jordan, Arbitrary Arbiters: Evaluating the Right to be Informed of Eligibility for Discretionary Relief in Removal Proceedings
• Lea Mano, Understanding the Spirit of the Constitution on Corruption: Emoluments, Impeachment, and the Primacy of Political Virtue
• Jared Mullen, Information Gathering or Speech Creation: How to Think About a First Amendment Right to Record
• Colin Neal, Not Gill-ty: Challenging and Providing a Workable Alternative to the Supreme Court’s Gerrymandering Standing Analysis in Gill v. Whitford
• Katie Carroll, “Buy One Get One Free”: How Reindictment Policies Permit Excessive Searches
• Brooke Lowell, You Must Present a Valid Form of (Gender) Identification: The Due Process and First Amendment Implications of Tennessee’s Birth Certificate Law

Volume 27

• Mara Emory Shingleton, Dear Colleague: Due Process is Not Under Attack at Colleges and Universities, as Shown Through a Comparative Analysis of College Disciplinary Committees and American Juries
• Andrew E. Levitt, Adapting Bartnicki v. Vopper to a Changing Tech Landscape: Rebalancing Free Speech and Privacy in the Smartphone Age 
• Rosemary K. McGuirk, The Superior Solution to the “Denominator Problem”—Comparing the Majority and Dissent’s Property Benchmark Tests in Murr v. Wisconsin With a Focus on Property Owners’ Reasonable Expectations
• Lexi Zerrillo, Who’s Your Sovereign?: The Standing Doctrine Parens Patriae & State Lawsuits Defending Sanctuary Policies
• Aaron Barden, Puerto Rico, Inc.: Implicit Incoporation and Puerto Rico’s Right to Vote For Presidential Electors
• Andrew Cunningham, A Cleaner, CRISPR Constitution: Germline Editing and Fundamental Rights
• Edward Walton, Time for a Change in Eminent Domain: A “Dirt Farmer’s” Story Shows Why Just Compensation Should Include Lost Profits
• Kelly Rondinelli, In Defense of Hybrid Representation: The Sword to Wield and the Shield to Protect

Volume 26

• Anna McMullen, Search, Seizure, and Snapchat: How the Fourth Amendment Fits Within the Evolving World of Civil E-Discovery
• Tyler Sherman, All Employers Must Wash Their Speech Before Returning to Work: The First Amendment & Compelled Use of Employees’ Preferred Gender Pronouns
• Emily J. Heltzel, Incarcerated and Unrepresented: Prison-Based Gerrymandering and Why Evenwel’s Approval of “Total Population” as a Population Base Shouldn’t Include Incarcerated Populations
• Trevor N. Ward, Protecting the Silence of Speech: Academic Safe Spaces, the Free Speech Critique, and the Solution of Free Association
• Thomas A. Costello, Quitting Cold Turkey?: Federal Preemption Doctrine and State Bans on FDA-Approved Drugs
• Elizabeth Mincer, Fifty Shades and Fifty States: Is BDSM a Fundamental Right? A Test for Sexual Privacy
• Tomas Capretta, Highway Robbery: Due Process, Equal Protection, and Punishing Poverty with Driver’s License Suspensions
• Daniel Cutler, Not Today, Satan: Re-examining Viewpoint Discrimination in the Limited Public Forum

Volume 25

• Jake Albert, The Flawed Reasoning Behind Johnson v. United States and a Solution: Why a Facts-Based Approach Should Have Been Used to Interpret the Residual Clause of the Armed Career Criminal Act
• Bethany Bostron, Of Prairie Dogs and Congressmen: Defining the Regulated Activity and Why It Matters for the Commerce Clause Substantial Effect Test
• Benjamin A. Ellis, “Time Enough” for Scrutiny: The Second Amendment, Mental Health, and the Case for Intermediate Scrutiny
• Abigail Hoglund-Shen, Fixer Upper: Reforming Vergara’s Teacher Tenure Statutes
• Mary E. Johnston, Combatting Thieves of Valor: The Stolen Valor Act of 2013 Is Constitutional Yet Unenforced
• Rachel Jones, Excessively Unconstitutional: Civil Asset Forfeiture and the Excessive Fines Clause in Virginia
• Jacob Kit, If It Looks Like a Super Pac, Acts Like a Super Pac, and Is Restricted Like a Super Pac, Then Treat It Like a Super Pac: Why Contribution Limits on a Hybrid Pac’s Independent-Expenditure Arm Are Impermissible
• Emily Wagman, But First, (Don’t) Let Me Take a Selfie:
  New Hampshire’s Ban on Ballot Selfies and First Amendment Scrutiny

Volume 24

• Susanne Cordner, Adjusting the Benefits and Burdens of Economic Life for the Public Good: The ACA’s Medical Loss Ratio as a Constitutional Regulation of Health Insurance Companies
• Abigail M. Pierce, #Tweeting for Terrorism: First Amendment Implications in Using Proterrorist Tweets to Convict Under the Material Support Statute
• Shaina D. Massie, Orange is the New Equal Protection Violation: How Evidence-Based Sentencing Harms Male Offenders
• Tyler R. Murray, The Eighth Amendment and Tax Evasion: Whether FATCA Non-Compliance Fines and FBAR Penalties are Excessive

Volume 23

• Samantha A. Lovin, Everyone Forgets About the Third Amendment: Exploring the Implications on Third Amendment Case Law of Extending its Prohibitions to Include Actions by State Police Officers
• Caleb R. Stone, Sentencing Roulette: How Virginia’s Criminal Sentencing System is Imposing an Unconstitutional Trial Penalty That Suppresses the Rights of Criminal Defendants to a Jury Trial
• Austin Graham, Unstable Footing: Shelby County’s Misapplication of the Equal Footing Doctrine
• Katherine J. Westfall, Voided Vows: Annulment as the Full-Faith and Credit Solution to the Same-Sex Divorce Conundrum

Volume 22

• Julie A. Cook, Specificity or Dismissal: The Improper Extension of Rule 9(b) to Negligent Misrepresentation as a Deprivation of Plaintiffs’ Procedural Due Process Rights
• Andrew Lindsey, Death by Irrelevance: The Unconstitutionality of Virginia’s Continued Exclusion of Prison Conditions Evidence to Assess the Future Dangerousness of Capital Defendants
• Carolyn R. Cody, Professional Licenses and Substantive Due Process: Can States Compel Physicians to Provide Their Services?
• M. Elizabeth Petty, Rauschenberg, Royalties, and Artists’ Rights: Potential Droit de Suite Legislation in the United States
• William Rose, Calming Unsettled Waters: A Proposal for Navigating the Tenuous Power Divide Between the Federal Courts and the USPTO Under the America Invents Act
• Brett Piersma, Election Evidence: The Promises and Realities of California’s Citizens Commission
  
• Paul Wolfgramm, Jr., Power and Responsibility: Fourth Amendment Limits on the Use of Molecular Scanners

Volume 21

• Christopher A. Sickles, Note, Bridging the Liability Gap: How Kowalski’s Interpretation of Reasonable Foreseeability Limits School Liability for Inaction in Cases of Cyber-Bullying, 21 WM. & MARY BILL RTS. J. 241 (2012).
• Lee Tankle, Note, The Only Thing We Have to Fear is Fear Itself: Islamophobia and the Recently Proposed Unconstitutional and Unnecessary Anti-Religion Laws, 21 WM. & MARY BILL RTS. J. 273 (2012).
• Emilie Whitehurst, Note, Shaping California’s Prisons: How the Alternative Custody Program, Designed to Remedy the State’s Eighth Amendment Violations in the Prison System, Encroaches on Equal Protection, 21 WM. & MARY BILL RTS. J. 303 (2012).
• Andrew E. Behrns, Note, To Cut or Not To Cut?: Addressing Proposals To Ban Circumcision Under Both a Parental Rights Theory and Child-Centered Perspective in the Specific Context of Jewish and Muslim Infants, 21 WM. & MARY BILL RTS. J. 925 (2013).
• Michelle L. Sudano, Note, Crossing the Final Border: Securing Equal Gender Protection in Immigration Cases, 21 WM. & MARY BILL RTS. J. 957 (2013).
• Chadwick Welch, Note, Dodd-Frank’s Title II Authority: A Disorderly Liquidation of Experience, Logic and Due Process, 21 WM. & MARY BILL RTS. J. 989 (2013).
• Tiffany Marie Westfall Ferris, Note, Justices Hawking Jesus: Endorsement Through Citation to Religious Amici in Supreme Court Opinions, 21 WM. & MARY BILL RTS. J. 1259 (2013).
• Andrew J. Wolf, Note, Detailing Commercial Speech: What Pharmaceutical Marketing Reveals About Bans on Commercial Speech, 21 WM. & MARY BILL RTS. J. 1291 (2013).

Volume 20

• Joseph B. Allen, Note, Extending Hope into “The Hole”: Applying Graham v. Florida to Supermax Prisons, 20 WM. & MARY BILL RTS. J. 217 (2011).
• Joseph Kamien, Note, The Natural Flow of Ideas: Why the Fifth Amendment Takings Clause and an Obscure Water-Rights Decision Might Thwart Attempts at Streamlining the Patent Queu, 20 WM. & MARY BILL RTS. J. 1373 (2012).
• Hanh H. Lee, Note, The “Padilla Advisory” and Its Implications Beyond the Immigration Context, 20 WM. & MARY BILL RTS. J. 589 (2011).
• Lauren Manns, Note, An Unusual Separation of Power Episode: Samantar v. Yousuf and the Need for the Executive Branch to Assert Control over Foreign Official Sovereign Immunity Determinations, 20 WM. & MARY BILL RTS. J. 955 (2012).
• Ryen Rasmus, Note, The Auto-Authentification of the Page: Purely Written Speech and the Doctrine of Obscenity, 20 WM. & MARY BILL RTS. J. 253 (2011).
• Samantha Lauren Soller, Note, “Give Me a Few More Minutes!”: How Virginia Violates Due Process by Hitting the Snooze Button on a Timely Declaration of Death, 20 WM. & MARY BILL RTS. J. 981 (2012).
• Davis Walsh, Note, All a Twitter: Social Networking, College Athletes, and the First Amendment, 20 WM. & MARY BILL RTS. J. 619 (2011).
• Jamie L. Williams, Note, Teens, Sexts, & Cyberspace: The Constitutional Implications of Current Sexting & Cyberbullying Laws, 20 WM. & MARY BILL RTS. J. 1017 (2012).

Volume 19

• Anne Hampton Andrews, Note, The Melendez-Diaz Dilemma: Virginia’s Response, A Model to Follow, 19 WM. & MARY BILL RTS. J. 419 (2010).
• Robert F. Friedman, Note, Protecting Victims from Themselves, but Not Necessarily from Abusers: Issuing a No-Contact Order over the Objection of the Victim-Spouse, 19 WM. & MARY BILL RTS. J. 235 (2010).
• Laura Hough, Note, Finding Equilibrium: Exploring Due Process Violations in the Whistleblower Provisions of the Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009, 19 WM. & MARY BILL RTS. J. 1061 (2011).
• John Q. Mulligan, Note, Huppert, Reilly, and the Increasing Futility of Relying on the First Amendment to Protect Employee Speech, 19 WM. & MARY BILL RTS. J. 449 (2010).
• Sarah Elizabeth Nokes, Note, Redefining the Supremacy Clause in the Global Age: Reconciling MedellÍn with Original Intent, 19 WM. & MARY BILL RTS. J. 829 (2011).
• Corey Preston, Note, Faulty Foundations: How the False Analogy to Routine Fingerprinting Undermines the Argument for Arrestee DNA Sampling, 19 WM. & MARY BILL RTS. J. 475 (2010).
• Jonathan D. Puvak, Note, Executive Branch Czars, Who Are They? Are They Needed? Can Congress Do Anything about Them?, 19 WM. & MARY BILL RTS. J. 1091 (2011).
• Colin Schlueter, Note, Color Conscious: The Unconstitutionality of Adoptive Parents’ Expression of Racial Preferences in the Adoption Process, 19 WM. & MARY BILL RTS. J. 263 (2010).

Volume 18

• Aubrey H. Brown III, Note, Georgia v. Randolph, the Red-Headed Stepchild of an Ugly Family: Why Third-Party Consent Search Doctrine is an Unfortunate Fourth Amendment Development That Should Be Restrained, 18 WM. & MARY BILL RTS. J. 471 (2009).
• Andrew G. Caffrey, Note, No Ambiguity Left Behind: A Discussion of the Clear Statement Rule and the Unfunded Mandates Clause of No Child Left Behind, 18 WM. & MARY BILL RTS. J. 1129 (2010).
• Lindsey Craven, Note, Where Do We Go from Here? Handgun Regulation in a Post-Heller World, 18 WM. & MARY BILL RTS. J. 831 (2010).
• Cullen Ann Drescher, Note, The BAPCPA, the Gag Rule, and the First Amendment: A Proposal for Alignment Through Interpretive and Analytical Change, 18 WM. & MARY BILL RTS. J. 503 (2009).
• Jennifer E. Fleming, Note, Your Honor, I Seen Him with That Gang: The Constitutionality of the Federal Criminal Street Gang Statute in the Wake of Apprendi v. New Jersey, 18 WM. & MARY BILL RTS. J. 249 (2009).
• Katharine Kruk, Note, Of Fat People and Fundamental Rights: The Constitutionality of the New York City Trans-Fat Ban, 18 WM. & MARY BILL RTS. J. 857 (2010).
• Ryan S. Marion, Note, Prisoners for Sale: Making the Thirteenth Amendment Case Against State Private Prison Contracts, 18 WM. & MARY BILL RTS. J. 213 (2009).
• Carrie Pixler, Note, Setting the Boundaries of the Census Clause: Normative and Legal Concerns Regarding the American Community Survey, 18 WM. & MARY BILL RTS. J. 1097 (2010).